The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. Why was the threat of invasion Elizabeth's biggest problem in 1558? It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Elizabeth chose to give direct help to the rebels by signing the Treaty of Nonsuch, which placed the Netherlands under her protection and promised military help. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Those involved planned for an invasion of England by French troops and were financed by Phillip II of Spain and the Pope. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. The war was going badly for England. 2) This war was not a success. Most people in . Copy. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. [A clear summary of the arguments, once more making the link between Mary, the Pope and Catholic interference.]. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. First English colony in Virginia established. The plot was uncovered whilst Ridolfi was abroad (he never returned). The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. This meant atholics did not think . Marys permanent presence in England meant that she was a rallying point for many Catholics, who believed she had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. to answer the Section Focus Question: "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Design engineering imperial 2023 applicants, Border Force Officer - Core and Mobile teams recruitment campaign September 2022. With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. Boston Spa, The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. There were two important reasons why France was seen as a threat to England. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Company Reg no: 04489574. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/C - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: British depth study 1HI0 B1-B4 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: Period study 1HIA P1-P5 - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA A Level History Paper 1 (options A to L) 7042/1C - 26 May 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level History Non-British period study: All Exams - 22 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1: Thematic study 1HI0 10-13 - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section B 8145/2B/C - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/A - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/C - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 3: 9HI0 30-39 - 22 June 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/B - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 3: Modern depth study 1HI0 30-33 - 9 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 2: Depth Study 9HI0 2A-2H - 10 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots' threat to Elizabeth I. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. He was a protestant and head of his country; however England viewed Sweden as a mediocre power and not a nation to be linked with in marriage. Company Reg no: 04489574. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Many people refused to recognize Elizabeth as a legitimate heir because her mother was Anne Boleyn, who was Henry VIIIs second wife. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. Spouse: None. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Elizabeth I is by many historians considered one of England's greatest ever monarchs, which heralded the 'golden age' in English history. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. Another suitor for Elizabeth was Prince Eric of Sweden, later King Eric of Sweden. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. How To Revise For GCSE Psychology Step-by-Step, Chapter 3:Elizabethan society in the Age of Exploration, 155888. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. The Spanish had a greater army and Dudleys army was significantly smaller. The conspirators including Babington were all. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. Topic guides / Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. He was the son of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour.Throughout the realm, the people greeted the birth of a male heir, "whom we hungered for so long", with joy and relief. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Write a paragraph or two. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. This peace treaty between England and France ended the war inherited by Elizabeth from her half-sister Mary I, who went to war alongside her Spanish husband Philip II in 1557. There are 4 main exam boards which are AQA, Edexcel (Pearson), OCR and How To Revise For GCSE Psychology The ultimate step-by-step guide for students, teachers and private students. Mary was spared. Fearful of the wrath of Catholic powerhouses, France and Spain, Elizabeth did not want to be perceived as Europes leading Protestant. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. As such, I disagree with the statement. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. From there we will look at the career . Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. Elizabeth delayed the opening of this Parliament that had originally been summoned in the autumn of 1588 in response to the defeat of the Spanish Armada for as long as she could afford to, knowing that the Commons would be eager to broach two topics, religious debates and foreign policy, that she usually reserved to her prerogative. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. The reasons for, and significance of, the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 156970. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! The New World, privateering and the significance of the activities of Sir Francis Drake. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. West Yorkshire, When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Born: 7 September 1533. Boston Spa, The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. Best Answer. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Norfolk was killed in 1572. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. What were the causes of westward Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . This caused panic among the Spanish sailors, who cut their anchor cables and broke their defensive formation as they headed for the open sea. In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. Foreign prince candinates would all be Catholic. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. Doodle's Point of View - navy to firth of Forth. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. LS23 6AD . John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. - Leith blockade. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Elizabeth had taken the decision to arrest any Catholic bishops that did not accept her authority as sovereign over them. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. Student / A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Surviving colonists abandon Virginia and return to England. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. LS23 6AD Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. She changed the church back to Anglican and it has been the official . It was the only major threat to Henry's security as monarch. Boston House, This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . They were not able to do this because the English used their greater manoeuvrability to stay out of range while firing broadsides (massive barrages of cannonballs) that could sink the Spanish ships. West Yorkshire, migration? The Throckmorton plot was a conspiracy to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots in 1583. Foreign Affairs. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Over 100,000 of this was owed to the Antwerp Exchange who charged an interest rate of 14%. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. Not many Englishmen were granted licenses and therefore Elizabeth would encourage privateers, men who sailed their own ships, to trade illegally with the Spanish colonies. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. - send 2000 to rebels. Describe two threats posed by Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth in 1568 4.